Ni ku yihe myaka umwana akwiye gutunga smartphone?

Smartphone zimaze kuba nyinshi mu bana, nko mu Bwongereza 91% by’abana b’imyaka 11 barazifite. Ariko se umwana hari icyo abura iyo ntayo afite – cyangwa hari icyo bimwungura gihambaye?

Ni amayirabiri akomeye ariho muri iki gihe. Ukwiye guha umwana wawe smartphone, cyangwa kuyimushyira kure akabanza agakura?

Nk’umubyeyi, ntukwiye kumva ko telephone ari ikintu kigiye kuzanira umwana wawe amabi yose ashoboka. Gusa hari ingaruka zishobora kumubaho zikwiye gutuma utekereza kutayimuha. Ndetse n'ibyamamare bimwe ibi byabibonye nk’ikibazo. Madonna yavuze ko yicuza guha abana be bakuru telephone ku myaka 13.

Ku rundi ruhande, nawe ubwawe ufite telephone igufasha muri byinshi mu buzima – kuva ku guhamagara hafi na kure kugera ku guhaha no gufata amafoto. None niba abigana n’umwana wawe n’inshuti ze bose barimo kuzitunga, uwawe we ntazacikanwa?

Hari ibibazo byinshi bitarabonerwa ibisubizo ku ngaruka z’igihe kirekire za telephone n’imbuga nkoranyambaga ku bana n’abari mu myaka cumi na…, ariko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kugeza ubu bwerekana ingaruka n’inyungu zabyo.

Mu Bwongereza, imibare y’ikigo kigenzura itumanaho, Ofcom, yerekana ko abana benshi bagera ku myaka 11 batunze telephone, imibare yazamutse iva kuri 44% ku myaka icyenda igera kuri 91% ku bafite imyaka 11.

Muri Amerika, 37% by’ababyeyi b’abana bari hagati y’imyaka icyenda na 11 bavuga ko batunze telephone zabo. Naho inyigo yakozwe mu bihugu 19 by’i Burayi yerekana ko 80% by’abana bari hagati y’imyaka icyenda na 16 bakoresha telephone bajya kuri internet buri munsi, hafi buri munsi.

Candice Odgers, umwalimu wa ‘psychological science’ muri kaminuza ya California muri Amerika ati: “Tujya kugera ku b’imyaka hafi 18 dusanga 90% bafite telephone.”

Candice avuga ko “ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwabonye nta huriro riri hagati y’imbuga nkoranyambaga n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ku ngimbi n’abangavu (adolescents)”, ko ubushakashatsi bwabonye iryo huriro ingaruka bwabonye – mbi cyangwa nziza – ari ntoya.

Uzi neza ingaruka zabyo ni uri hafi cyane yabo

Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amy Orben, inzobere muri ‘psychology’ wo muri kaminuza ya Cambridge mu Bwongereza, buvuga ko nubwo hari ingaruka runaka zabonetse ku bana bakoresha iri koranabuhanga, ariko ko bigoye kugeragaza ingaruka zose mu byavuye mu bushakashatsi.

Orben ati: “Hari urunyurane runini rw’ingaruka mbi zabonetse.” Yemeza ko ibi nanone biterwa na buri mwaka ku giti cye n’imibereho ye. Ati: “Umuntu wenyine ubimenya neza ni umuntu ubegereye cyane.”

Nubwo bwose ubushakashatsi bushobora kwerekana ibindi, hashobora kuba hari abana bahura n’ingaruka zo gukoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga cyangwa ‘apps’ zimwe na zimwe – kandi ni ingenzi ko ababyeyi bamenya ibi, bakagira icyo bafasha.

Umwanya munini, abana bakoresha telephone zabo mu kwandikirana, kuvugana n’inshuti n’umuryango.

Candice Odgers ati: “Ubashije kumenya neza abo abana bavugana nabo kuri internet, byafasha. Ariko ntekereza ko hari n’igitekerezo ko turimo kubura abana bahugiye muri telephone – kuri bamwe ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye, ariko abenshi baba bari kuganira, guhana ibitekerezo, n’ibyo bamenye.”

Mu by’ukuri, nubwo smartphones kenshi arizo zituma abana batajya hanze mu bandi, ubushakashatsi muri Denmark bwerekanye ko ku bana bari hagati y’imyaka 11 na 15 telephone zibaha ubwigenge bigaha ababyeyi ikintu cy’umutekano ko abana babo bazabasha kumenya kwikura mu bintu batamenyereye. Abana bavuga ko telephone zabafashije mu kumva umuziki, no kuganira n’ababyeyi n’inshuti.

Ariko birumvikana ko guhora uvugana n’inshuti nabyo bitabura ingaruka zabyo.

Mu ntangiriro z’uyu mwaka, Orben n’abakorana nawe batangaje inyandiko yerekana uko imbuga nkoranyambaga zihuzwa no kuba abana bazijyaho babura ‘kunyurwa n’ubuzima’ – mu gihe cy’imyaka y’ubugimbi.

Mu kwiga amakuru y’abantu 17,000 bari hagati y’imyaka 10 na 21, abashakashatsi babonye gukoresha cyane imbunga nkoranyambaga ku bakorwa bari hagati y’imyaka 11 na 13, naho ku bahungu ari hagati ya 14 na 15, umwaka wakurikiyeho babonyweho ‘kutanyurwa n’ubuzima’; ikinyuranyo nacyo cyari ukuri, gukoresha izo mbuga gacye kuri iyo myaka byagaragaje kunyurwa cyane n’ubuzima mu mwaka wakurikiyeho.

Ababyeyi bagomba kumenya amakuru nk’aya mu gihe bagiye gufatira abana ibyemezo – ariko bakanamenya ko impinduka mu mikurire zishobora gutuma abana bagirwaho ingaruka mbi n’imbuga nkoranyambaga. Urugero mu gihe cy’ubugimbi, ubwonkora burahinduka cyane, kandi ibyo bigira uruhare mu buryo abakiri bato biyumva n’ibyo bakora – harimo kuganzwa n’imbuga nkoranyambaga, urukundo n’ibindi.

Orben ati: “Kuba mu bwangavu ni igihe gikomeye cyo gukura, urebera cyane ku nshuti, kandi wita cyane kubyo abandi batekereza kuri wowe. Kandi uko imbuga nkoranyambaga ziteye – ni uguhuza abantu no kuvuga kubyo babonye – bishobora gutera umujagararo (stress) mu buryo runaka.”

Mu gihe ubushakashatsi bwatanga ibitekerezo ku babyeyi ku cyemezo cyo kugurira abana telephone, ntabwo butanga igisubizo kirashe ku kibazo cya “ni ryari?”.

Orben ati: “Ntekereza ko mu kuvuga ko ibi bintu bikomeye, mu by’ukuri bisunikira iki kibazo ku babyeyi. Ariko bishobora kuba icyemezo cy’umuntu (umubyeyi) ku giti cye.”

Ikibazo cy’ingenzi ababyeyi bagomba kubaza, nk’uko Candice Odgers abivuga, ni “Telephone ifasha iki umwana, cyangwa umuryango?”

Ku babyeyi benshi, kugurira umwana telephone ni umwanzuro woroshye. Candice ati: “Kenshi, ababyeyi nibo ubwabo bifuza ko abana babo batunga telephone kugira ngo bajya bavugana mu munsi, kandi bakagenzura abo bavugana.”

Anja Stevic, umushakashatsi mu itumanaho muri kaminuza ya Vienna muri Autriche we avuga ko ku bana “telephone ibaha ikintu cy’ubwigenge n’inshingano”.

Ati: “Iki ni ikintu ababyeyi bakwiye kwitaho: Ese abana bageze aho koko bafata inshingano ku buryo batunga telephone zabo?”

Shyiraho igihe cyo kurebera hamwe ibyo afite muri telephone

Umushakashatsi Sonia Livingstone avuga ko mu gihe ababyeyi babuze uburyo bwo kugenzura telephone z’abana babo n’ibyo bazikoresha bitera amakimbirane hagati yabo n’abana kubera icyo gikoresho.

Agira ati: “Iyo mbaza abana, ngenda numva ko ababyeyi babaha amabwiriza y’ibyo bareba na apps bashyiraho. Ntekereza ko ari ikintu gishobora kuba ari cyiza cyane.”

Ababyeyi bakwiye, urugero, gufata igihe cyo gukina imikino n’abana babo kuri telephone kugira ngo bamenye neza ko iyo mikino bayikunda, no gushyiraho umwanya runaka wo kureba bari kumwe ibiri kuri telephone zabo.

Candice Odgers ati: “Hari urugero runaka rwo kugenzura, ariko hagomba kubaho kuvugana no kudahishanya, kugira ngo ubafasha mu byo bareba n’ibyo bahura nabyo kuri internet kimwe no hanze yayo.”

Mu gushyiraho amabwiriza ya telephone – nko nkutayijyana mu cyumba cyo kuryamamo nijoro – ababyeyi nabo bakwiye kugenzura batibeshya uko nabo ubwabo bakoresha telephone.

Livingstone ati: “Abana banga uburyarya. Banga kubuzwa ikintu ababyeyi babo bo bakora, nko gukoresha telephone cyangwa kuyijyana kuryama.”

Buri mwana wese yigira gukoresha telephone ku mubyeyi we. Raporo y’Iburayi ku ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga mu bana kuva bavutse kugera ku myaka umunani yerekanye ko abo muri icyo kigero barebera cyane ku babyeyi babo uburyo bakoresha ikoranabuhanga.

Iyi raporo ivuga ko ababyeyi bamwe batungurwa no gusanga abana babo bo muri icyo kigero bazi zimwe muri za ‘passwords’ zabo kandi bashobora gukoresha telephone z’ababyeyi bonyine.

Amaherezo, igihe cyo kugurira umwana smartphone ni umwanzuro ugomba kwigwaho n’umubyeyi ubwe. Kuri bamwe, icyemezo gikwiye ni ukutayigura – hagakoreshwa ubundi buryo umwana atazagira ibimucika.

Livingstone ati: “Abana b’intyoza kandi bazi kubana n’abandi bashaka uburyo bwabo bakabana n’abandi. Kandi urebye ubuzima bwabo ahanini ni ubwo ku ishuri, kenshi barabonana uko byagenda kose.”