U Rwanda ruzakira ryari ibikomere bya jenoside?

Jenoside ni kimwe mu bintu bibi kurusha ibindi bishobora kuba ku bwoko bw’abantu, amabi ayikorerwamo akabonwa n’amaso, akumvwa n’amatwi. Abasigara nyuma yayo bagira ingaruka zishobora kumara ibiragano (generations), nk’uko inzobere zibivuga.

Muri Jenoside yo mu Rwanda abari bagamije kurimburwa ni Abatutsi n’abandi bose badashyigikiye ubwo bwicanyi ndengakamere bwakozwe, kuba yarateguwe ikanashishikazwa na bamwe mu basirikare, abashoramari, n'abanyapolitike bo muri leta byatumye abaturanyi bica bagenzi babo basaga ibihumbi magana umunani mu minsi 100 gusa.

Kuburira: Iyi nkuru irimo ubuhamya bumwe bushobora gukomeretsa imitima yoroshye

Imyaka 30 nyuma yayo, ubushakashatsi buheruka buvuga ko mu Rwanda umuntu umwe kuri batanu afite ibibazo by’indwara zo mu mutwe, “mu barokotse jenoside iyo mibare yikuba inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye”, nk’uko bivugwa na Dr Darius Gishoma ukuriye ishami ry’ubuvuzi bw’indwara zo mu mutwe mu kigo cya leta gishinzwe ubuvuzi, Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC).

Indwara zo mu mutwe ni ibisanzwe kandi ziboneka no mu bindi bihugu, ariko indwara zo mu mutwe nk’ingaruka ya jenoside ni igikomere kinini gishobora kumara imyaka irenga 100 nyuma yayo kitarakira neza, nk’uko inzobere zibivuga.

Izo ndwara zigizwe ahanini n’ihungabana zibasira cyane abarokotse jenoside ndetse n’abantu baba baragize uruhare rutaziguye mu kwica, nk’uko bivugwa n’ikigo BioMed Central cyo mu Bwongereza cyakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka za jenoside mu Rwanda ku barokotse, abahoze bafunze baregwa jenoside, n’abana b'izo mpande zombi.

Bene izo ndwara, nk’ingaruka ya jenoside, mu myaka ya vuba ishize zatangiye kuboneka no mu bantu bavutse nyuma ya jenoside, batigeze bayibamo.

Albertine Iyamubonye w’imyaka 24 wo mu murenge wa Mukura mu karere ka Rutsiro, mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, buri gihe mu bihe byo kwibuka jenoside agira ihungabana rikomeye, nyamara n’umuryango we ntufite ubushobozi bwo kumuvuza.

Ni ibikomere biteye bite?

Dr Gishoma yabwiye BBC ati: “Indwara tubona cyane mu barokotse jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bagana serivisi z’indwara zo mu mutwe ni ihungabana cyangwa se Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD).

“Ikiyigaragaza cyane ni uko ibintu by’indengakamere bibi umuntu aba yarakorewe, yarabonye, yarumvise, ubwenge bumera nkaho bubibika ariko ntibubyakire, hanyuma nko mu gihe cyo kwibuka bikagaruka nk’aho birimo kuba ako kanya.”

Delphine Uwineza, wo murenge wa Musambira mu karere ka Kamonyi, hagati mu gihugu, jenoside yabaye afite imyaka umunani, we na murumuna we yabasanze kwa nyirakuru ubyara nyina, murumuna we yarishwe ariko we aza kurokoka, nyuma yahuye n’ihungabana rikomeye kugeza mu myaka micye ishize aho yabonye inzobere z’abavuzi zimwitaho, atangira koroherwa.

Yabwiye BBC ati: “Ikibazo nagize ni uko mama yari Umuhutukazi, papa ari Umututsi. Kwa nyogokuru bahoraga batwita [we na murumuna we] ubwoko bubi, tutanazi ubwoko bubi icyo ari cyo.”

Uwineza yapfushije se na benshi mu bo mu muryango wa se, agira agahinda gakabije kwibuka ko “interahamwe zanze kunyica zivuga ngo wowe nyokuru(nyogokuru) azakwiyicira amaraso yawe azamubazwe”.

Avuga ko muri jenoside yoherezwaga gutashya/gutora inkwi, akajya mu ishyamba ahiciwe Abatutsi. Ati: “Nirirwaga muri za ntumbi, nkabona bamwe nari mbazi, nkumva bimbereye urujijo, nkaza kugenda ntahukanye inkwi, nkakubitwa, nyogokuru akambwira ko azanyica.”

Jenoside irangiye, Uwineza yabayeho nk’umukozi wo mu rugo, aho avuga ko yahuye n’ibibazo byo gufatwa ku ngufu ku buryo bukabije, nyuma aba mu bigo by’impfubyi bitandukanye i Butare aho yagiraga ihungabana rikabije, mbere yo gushaka umugabo, aho no mu rugo rwe avuga ko atagize amahoro yari yiteze.

Ati: “Nabayeho nanze ubuzima, nkafatwa n’ihungabana rirenze iryo nari mfite kuko numvaga gupfa bindutira kubaho. Kugera ubwo mfashe icyemezo cyo kwiyambura ubuzima kugira ngo ndangize akababaro kanjye.”

Ibikomere mu bavutse nyuma ya jenoside

Dr Gishoma avuga ko igice kinini cy’ababonye n’abarokotse jenoside ari abubatse ubudaheranwa bagakomera, ariko “hari abantu bamwe bitewe n’ibyo bakorewe, n’ibyo babonye, batabashije kongera kubaka ubuzima bushyashya bagakomeza [guhungabana] yewe bikaba bishobora no kumera nk’ibihererekanwa.”

Yongeraho ati: “Dusigaye tunabibona mu gihe cyo kwibuka, nko mu 2023 serivisi z’ubuzima zakiriye abantu bagera ku 170 bavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, bivuga ko ari ikibazo tugikomeza kwitaho.”

Dr Gishoma asubiramo ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’inzobere z’Abanyarwanda bwerekanye ibimenyetso by’ihungabana mu myitwarire no mu misemburo y’ubwoba ku bana bavutse ku babyeyi barokotse jenoside, ati: “Bivuga ko hari ikintu kigera ku bana bitanzwe mu mibiri no ku mibereho.”

Albertine Iyamubonye w’i Rutsiro yavutse mu mwaka wa 2000, mu myaka hafi 10 ishize ubwo yari umwana w’umwangavu, abishe ababyeyi n’abavandimwe ba se, berekanye aho babajugunye, kuva icyo gihe ubuzima bwe bwarahindutse.

Ati: “Babajije Papa bati ‘ese urashaka ko dutumira abacitse ku icumu bakagufasha gutunganya iyi mibiri ikazashyingurwa mu cyubahiro n’abandi?’”

Se yaranze asaba ko iyo mibiri ayiyogereza we n’umukobwa we Iyamubonye bonyine. Bombi bogeje ayo magufa ya sekuru n’abavandimwe ba se, ariko ntibyarangiye neza.

Iyamubonye ati: “Papa akampereza umubiri wa papa we, ati ‘uzi ko uwo mubiri urimo koza ari uwa sogokuru wawe? Ubwo rero numva bitangiye kujya bindya ahantu nkajya mboza ndimo kurira.

“Tugeze ku mubiri wa gatatu biranga ndahwera, ngwa nk’igihumure no kuzanzamuka biranga, banjyana ku bitaro….”

Kuva icyo gihe kugeza ubu, buri gihe mu bihe byo kwibuka Iyamubonye agira ihungabana rikomeye, rirangwa no kwiheba, ubwoba, kurira cyane, no kudasinzira. Kandi kugeza ubu ntarabona ubuvuzi bukwiriye.

Ati: “Banjyanye ku Kibuye [ku bitaro bikuru] bampa ‘transiferi’ yo kujya i Ndera [i Kigali], ariko papa aravuga ngo ‘nta mafaranga afite’. Yaranganirizaga nkabyumva, kandi koko nawe uba ubibona ko atabishoboye.”

Delphine Uwineza yabyaye abana batatu, abahungu babiri n’umukobwa umwe. Umwe mu bana be nawe yagaragaje ibimenyetso by’ihungabana.

Gusa Uwineza n’umwana we bo babonye ubuvuzi bw’inzobere. Ati: “Muri uko kwivuza kwanjye no kugenda abaganga banganiriza bambaza utuntu twose, baje kumbaza n’amakuru y’abana ndayababwira.

“Umwana na we ndamujyana na we batangira kumukurikirana, aho bigeze ubu bigenda biza.”

Ubushakashatsi bwa BioMed Central bwasanze abavuka ku barokotse jenoside bagaragaza ibimenyetso by’indwara zo mu mutwe kurusha abavuka ku bahoze ari imfungwa zarezwe gukora jenoside.

Umuhate n'icyuho mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe

Mu myaka itanu ishize abagana serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bariyongereye. Mu gihe mu 2018 abasabaga izo serivisi kwa muganga bageraga ku 10,400 ku mwaka, mu 2022 - 2023 bageze ku 300,000.

Dr Gishoma ati: “Habayeho kwiyongera kw’ahatangirwa serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ndetse n’ubukangurambaga bwo gushishikariza abantu kujya kwivuza izi ndwara.

“Byatumye abantu bagera ku 38,000 ku mwaka bajya kwa muganga gusaba serivisi z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ku nshuro ya mbere.”

Mu gihe nyuma ya jenoside hari ibitaro bimwe gusa – ibitaro bizwi nka Caraes Ndera i Kigali – bivura indwara zo mu mutwe, n’abaganga bacye, nk’uko Dr Gishoma abivuga, ubu hari impinduka.

Ishusho y'ubuvuzi bw'indwara zo mu mutwe mu Rwanda:

Dr Gishoma ati: “Turacyafite byinshi byo kubaka, ariko n’aho bigeze umuntu yabyishimira. Kwigisha abaganga b’inzobere bifata igihe.

“Ariko baziyongera kuko ubu kaminuza y’u Rwanda muri 'college' ya 'medicine', ariya mashami yose ubu arahari…navuga ko nko muri 2030 cyangwa yewe na mbere yaho imibare dufite izaba yariyongereye cyane.”

Ese u Rwanda ruzakira ibi bikomere?

Ubushakashatsi butandukanye, burimo ubwakozwe na Kevin Barnes-Ceeney, Lior Gideon, Laurie Leitch na Kento Yasuhara, buvuga ko bishobora gufata hagati y’ibiragano (generations) bibiri cyangwa bitatu by’abantu – ni ukuvuga hagati y’imyaka 50 na 100, cyangwa no hejuru yayo, kugira ngo ibikomere byo mu mutwe nk’ingaruka za jenoside bikire.

Mu Rwanda, uretse icyuho kigihari mu buvuzi - nubwo hari intambwe iboneka yatewe – ubukene n’ubushomeri mu rubyiruko ni bimwe mu bishobora gutuma ibyo bikomere bidakira vuba, nk’uko biboneka mu buzima bwa bamwe mu babifite.

Iyamubonye ati: “Nakubwiye ngo n’ikibazo cy’imibereho [mibi] kizamo, cyafatirana n’uko mu mutwe ntameze neza bikaba bibi kurushaho…Ndi wa muntuushobora kumara iminsi itatu ntarasinzira. Nkarara ndira.”

Uwineza we afite icyizere ko amaherezo azakira neza, icyizere akivana mu bana be b’imyaka hagati ya 12 na 16 kandi “b’abahanga mu ishuri”.

Ati: “Rero nubwo atari 100% ariko ngenda ngerageza, mba numva abana banjye nababona barakuze ari abagabo, n’umukobwa ari umugore. Rero ubu numva noneho nkunze ubuzima.”