Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which:

• each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
• the carbon atoms form layers of hexagonal rings
• there are weak forces of attraction between the layers
• there is one, non-bonded – or delocalised – electron for each atom

Graphite’s properties include:

• high melting and boiling points. Graphite’s many covalent bonds are strong and substantial energy is needed to break them.
• good electrical conductivity. Each carbon atom has an unbonded electron. The unbonded electrons are delocalised electrons that are free to move and carry charge.
• softness. The weak forces between graphite’s layers allow them to slide.

Graphite is used as a lubricant and in pencils.